Operators⚓

Assignment operator⚓

The assignment operator is : <=

b <= a;    -- a and b must be of the same type

It is used to connect a signal with another signal of the same type or with an operation whose result is of the same type.

The assignation is not like in software programming setting the value of a variable stored in memory, but the electrical connection.

Logical operators⚓

The logical operators AND, OR, NOT, NAND, NOR, XOR and XNOR allow to make operations between signals of type std_logic and std_logic_vector:

c <= a and b;
d <= a or b;
e <= not a;
f <= a nand b;
g <= a nor b;
h <= a xor b;
i <= a xnor b;

Relational operators⚓

Relational operators are used to compare the values of signals of the same type. The returned value is a boolean, used for conditional structures.

Operator	Description
`=`	equal
`/=`	different
`<`	lower
`>`	higher
`<=`	less or equal
`>=`	greater or equal

Arithmetic operators⚓

Operator	Description	Synthesizability
`+`	addition	synthesizable
`-`	subtraction	synthesizable
`*`	multiplication	synthesizable
`/`	division	synthesizable if the right operand is a constant power of 2, or if both operands are constant
`mod`	modulo	synthesizable if the right operand is a constant power of 2
`rem`	remainder	synthesizable if the right operand is a constant power of 2
`**`	exponential	synthesizable if the left operand is 2, or in signal size calculation at declaration (see below)
`abs(SIGNED/INTEGER)`	absolute value	synthesizable. Works on signed or integer signals

The exponential operator can be synthesized in particular when defining the size of signals or arrays when declaring them:

type ram_type is array (2**Addr-1 downto 0) of std_logic_vector(7 downto 0);

Concatenation operators⚓

The concatenation operator & allows to build a vector of bits by concatenating several sub-vectors vectors:

signal a : std_logic_vector(3 downto 0); -- 4 bits
signal b : std_logic_vector(3 downto 0); -- 5 bits
signal c : std_logic_vector(3 downto 0); -- 9 bits
--
a <= "0000";
b <= "11111";
c <= a & b; -- c = "000011111"

Operators according to type⚓

Predefined Attributes⚓

Attributes in VHDL is a set of functionalities that allow to get informations on objects, like the length, the size etc. Here is a list of available attributes in VHDL :

Attribute	Description
`T'BASE`	is the base type of the type T
`T'LEFT`	is the leftmost value of type T. (Largest if downto)
`T'RIGHT`	is the rightmost value of type T. (Smallest if downto)
`T'HIGH`	is the highest value of type T.
`T'LOW`	is the lowest value of type T.
`T'ASCENDING`	is boolean true if range of T defined with to .
`T'IMAGE(X)`	is a string representation of X that is of type T.
`T'VALUE(X)`	is a value of type T converted from the string X.
`T'POS(X)`	is the integer position of X in the discrete type T.
`T'VAL(X)`	is the value of discrete type T at integer position X.
`T'SUCC(X)`	is the value of discrete type T that is the successor of X.
`T'PRED(X)`	is the value of discrete type T that is the predecessor of X.
`T'LEFTOF(X)`	is the value of discrete type T that is left of X.
`T'RIGHTOF(X)`	is the value of discrete type T that is right of X.
`A'LEFT`	is the leftmost subscript of array A or constrained array type.
`A'LEFT(N)`	is the leftmost subscript of dimension N of array A.
`A'RIGHT`	is the rightmost subscript of array A or constrained array type.
`A'RIGHT(N)`	is the rightmost subscript of dimension N of array A.
`A'HIGH`	is the highest subscript of array A or constrained array type.
`A'HIGH(N)`	is the highest subscript of dimension N of array A.
`A'LOW`	is the lowest subscript of array A or constrained array type.
`A'LOW(N)`	is the lowest subscript of dimension N of array A.
`A'RANGE`	is the range A'LEFT to A'RIGHT or A'LEFT downto A'RIGHT .
`A'RANGE(N)`	is the range of dimension N of A.
`A'REVERSE_RANGE`	is the range of A with to and downto reversed.
`A'REVERSE_RANGE(N)`	is the REVERSE_RANGE of dimension N of array A.
`A'LENGTH`	is the integer value of the number of elements in array A.
`A'LENGTH(N)`	is the number of elements of dimension N of array A.
`A'ASCENDING`	is boolean true if range of A defined with to .
`A'ASCENDING(N)`	is boolean true if dimension N of array A defined with to .
`S'DELAYED(t)`	is the signal value of S at time now - t .
`S'STABLE`	is true if no event is occurring on signal S.
`S'STABLE(t)`	is true if no even has occurred on signal S for t units of time.
`S'QUIET`	is true if signal S is quiet. (no event this simulation cycle)
`S'QUIET(t)`	is true if signal S has been quiet for t units of time.
`S'TRANSACTION`	is a bit signal, the inverse of previous value each cycle S is active.
`S'EVENT`	is true if signal S has had an event this simulation cycle.
`S'ACTIVE`	is true if signal S is active during current simulation cycle.
`S'LAST_EVENT`	is the time since the last event on signal S.
`S'LAST_ACTIVE`	is the time since signal S was last active.
`S'LAST_VALUE`	is the previous value of signal S.
`S'DRIVING`	is false only if the current driver of S is a null transaction.
`S'DRIVING_VALUE`	is the current driving value of signal S.
`E'SIMPLE_NAME`	is a string containing the name of entity E.
`E'INSTANCE_NAME`	is a string containing the design hierarchy including E.
`E'PATH_NAME`	is a string containing the design hierarchy of E to design root.

(source : https://redirect.cs.umbc.edu/portal/help/VHDL/attribute.html)

Example:

S <= resize(A, S'length) + resize(B, S'length); -- overflow manages

Dernière mise à jour: March 19, 2024